Rowe and Kahn's model of successful aging revisited: positive spirituality--the forgotten factor.

PURPOSE We explain a new concept, positive spirituality, and offer evidence that links positive spirituality with health; describe effective partnerships between health professionals and religious communities; and summarize the information as a basis for strengthening the existing successful aging model proposed by Rowe and Kahn. DESIGN AND METHODS A missing component to Rowe and Kahn's three-factor model of successful aging is identified, and we propose strengthening the model with a fourth factor, positive spirituality. RESULTS We developed an enhanced model of successful aging based on Rowe and Kahn's theoretical framework. Evidence presented suggests that the addition of spirituality to interventions focused on health promotion has been received positively by older adults. IMPLICATIONS Leaders in gerontology often fail to incorporate the growing body of scientific evidence regarding health, aging, and spirituality into their conceptual models to promote successful aging. The proposed enhancement of Rowe and Kahn's model will help health professionals, religious organizations, and governmental agencies work collaboratively to promote wellness among older adults.